[Politics_CurrentEvents_Group] Saudi $60 Billion Arms Deal Fueled By Elite Fears & Greed/other news

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Tuesday, September 14, 2010

 

Saudi $60 Billion Arms Deal Fueled By Elite Fears & Greed/other news

(Lets not forget that its the oil rich Arabs who control the oil and money, NOT the Zionists.MBS)
"Saudi Arms Deal Advances White House to Notify Congress Soon of $60 Billion Package, Largest Ever for U.S. By ADAM ENTOUS

The Obama administration is set to notify Congress of plans to offer advanced
aircraft to Saudi Arabia worth up to $60 billion, the largest U.S. arms deal
ever, and is in talks with the kingdom about potential naval and missile-defense
upgrades that could be worth tens of billions of dollars more.

In a notification to Congress, expected to be submitted this week or next, the
administration will authorize the Saudis to buy as many as 84 new F-15 fighters,
upgrade 70 more, and purchase three types of helicopters—70 Apaches, 72 Black
Hawks and 36 Little Birds, officials said.

On top of the $60 billion package of fighter jets and helicopters, U.S.
officials are discussing a potential $30 billion package to upgrade Saudi
Arabia's naval forces. An official described these as "discreet, bilateral
conversations" in which no agreement has yet been reached. That deal could
include littoral combat ships, surface vessels intended for operations close to
shore, the official said.

Talks are also underway to expand Saudi Arabia's ballistic-missile defenses. The
U.S. is encouraging the Saudis to buy systems known as THAAD—Terminal High
Altitude Defense—and to upgrade its Patriot missiles to reduce the threat from
Iranian rockets. U.S. officials said it was unclear how much this package would
be worth.

Pro-Israel lawmakers have voiced concerns in the past about arms sales to Saudi
Arabia that they say may undercut Israel's military edge and provide support to
a government with a poor human rights record.

Boeing Co., which makes the F-15s, the Apaches and the Little Birds, believes
the Saudi package would directly or indirectly support 77,000 jobs across 44
states. It is unclear how many jobs, if any, would be supported by the Saudi
purchase of Black Hawks, made by Sikorsky. Production levels are already high at
Sikorsky, which is owned by United Technologies Co."

This is the link to the story if you want to read the rest of it.
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704621204575488361149625050.html?m\
od=WSJ_World_LeadStory


This is from Al Jazeera US pushing $60bn Saudi arms deal

The largest ever US deal to sell advanced fighter jets to Saudi Arabia is
expected to support at least 75,000 US jobs.
The Obama administration sees the sale as part of a broader policy aimed at
supporting "Arab allies against Iran," and is expected to notify the US congress
about these plans in the upcoming weeks, the report said.

The Israelis were expected to buy a more advanced fighter jet, the F-35, and
should receive them around the same time the Saudis are expected to start
getting the F-15s, the report said.

The F-35 is designed to avoid detection by radar and could play a role in any
Israeli effort to knock out what it regards as a threat posed by Iran's disputed
nuclear programme.

Last month, Ehud Barak, the Israeli defence minister, approved the purchase of
20 F-35 warplanes from the US, in a deal worth almost $3bn."

Balance of article here.
http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2010/09/20109137124379527.html
Saudi Arabia is worried about Al Qaeda aided attacks on the regime from the
south in Yemen and from Shiite rebellion aided by Iran in the north. Resistance
to the oppressive regime has waxed and waned. The support of the US military
machine has been crucial in maintaining the Saudi royal family in power. What is
a rich Saudi prince to do but to arm to the teeth and buy more weapons from the
USA. How long though can they pay an army to stay loyal to such a blatantly
superfluous elite?

This is from an article about Shiite resistance to Saudi state in Real Clear World

Saudi Arabia's Shiites Stand Up By Mai Yamani

Some 2,000 Shiite pilgrims gathered near the mosque that houses the prophet's
tomb for the commemoration of Muhammad's death, an act of worship that the
ruling Saudi Wahhabi sect considers heretical and idolatrous. Thus, the
religious police of the Committee for the Preservation of Virtue and the
Prohibition of Vice, armed with sticks and backed by police firing into the air,
tried to disperse the pilgrims. The pilgrims resisted. Three pilgrims died and
hundreds were injured in the ensuing stampede. A number of pilgrims remain in
detention, among them 15 teenage boys.
The Shiites are a special case, constituting 75 percent of the population in the
Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia's main oil-producing region, and identifying far
more strongly with Shiites across the border in Iraq than with the Saudi state.
Indeed, the empowerment of Iraq's long-suppressed Shiites has raised
expectations among Saudi Arabia's Shiites that they, too, can gain first-class
status.

From the regime's point of view, however, Shiite Iran is now the most serious
security threat. The Saudi authorities perceived the Shiite demonstrations as an
assertion of Iranian policy, as they coincided precisely with Iran's celebration
of the 30th anniversary of its Islamic Revolution. Suppression of the Shiites is
thus a part of Riyadh's strategy to counter Iran's bid for regional hegemony.

But this thinking is tremendously shortsighted. Only by transforming Saudi
Arabia's currently monolithic Saudi/Wahhabi national identity into a more
inclusive one will Saudi Arabia become a model that is attractive to its
minorities. Today, the disempowered Shiites are forced to seek political
connections and backing from the region's wider Shiite political movements to
compensate for the discrimination they face at home.

For the full article
http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2009/03/saudi_arabias_shiites_stand_up.ht\
ml

Article on Yemen
http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100107/REVIEW/701079992/1\
008

Article From Socialist perspective
http://www.wsws.org/articles/2010/jun2010/saud-j21.shtml

So what does Obama do? He supports the corrupt regimes and doesn't even consider
the rights of the oppressed people. Where do they turn? Socialism seems to have
been temporarily suppressed and discredited in much of the Middle East, so they
go to the radical right, Al Qaeda for the Sunni's and Iran for the Shiites.

What of Anarchist and Communist resistance in the Middle East? Most of it is
focused on Israel and the occupation of Palestinian lands at least as far as the
west is concerned. Much of the overt resistance is in Israel where western style
conditions of bourgeois parliamentary democracy prevail and allows for more
public displays of symbolic resistance. But there has been a socialist movement
in the Middle East that has survived the demise of the Soviet Union.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Communist_parties_in_the_Middle_East
http://www.google.com/search?q=Communists+in+Middle+East&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&\
rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a#q=Socialism+in+Middle+East&hl=en\
&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&prmd=ivdf&source=univ&tbs=vid:1\
&tbo=u&ei=7MeOTM_3H4ScsQPjsambCw&sa=X&oi=video_result_group&ct=title&resnum=7&sq\
i=2&ved=0CD8QqwQwBg&fp=ab5cdb1806fef4a

http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/40839
http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws/61/emac.html

Iran the seeming target of much of the American buildup in the Middle East has a
puny military capacity. It's air force is mostly made up of 1970's vintage US
planes that it has managed to keep flying. Its army while fairly large has few
tanks or advanced armaments. Its navy consists mostly of patrol boats. In other
words, Iran poses little or no threat to the US or Israel and its main threat to
Saudi Arabia is in motivating the Shiite population to revolt.

This is an excerpt from an article in Foreign Policy More hype about Iran?  Stephen M. Walt

The Military Balance, published annually by the prestigious International
Institute for Strategic Studies in London:

GDP: United States — 13.8 trillion
Iran –$ 359 billion (U.S. GDP is roughly 38 times greater than Iran's)

Defense spending (2008):
U.S. — $692 billion
Iran — $9.6 billion (U.S. defense budget is over 70 times larger than Iran)

Military personnel:
U.S.–1,580,255 active; 864,547 reserves (very well trained)
Iran– 525,000 active; 350,000 reserves (poorly trained)

Combat aircraft:
U.S. — 4,090 (includes USAF, USN, USMC and reserves)
Iran — 312 (serviceability questionable)

Main battle tanks:
U.S. — 6,251 (Army + Marine Corps)
Iran — 1,613 (serviceability questionable)

Navy:
U.S. — 11 aircraft carriers, 99 principal surface combatants, 71 submarines, 160
patrol boats, plus large auxiliary fleet
Iran — 6 principal surface combatants, 10 submarines, 146 patrol boats

Nuclear weapons:
U.S. — 2,702 deployed, >6,000 in reserve
Iran — Zero"
More here
http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/04/20/more_hype_about_iran
http://www.voltairenet.org/IMG/pdf/Military_Power_of_Iran.pdf

The Kuwaiti elites in particular are feeling vulnerable and seem determined in
their belief that they need to encourage the western powers, i.e. the US and or
Israel to strike at Iran. This might be CIA disinformation, or simply
conservative elites in Oil rich states worried about their money tree getting
taken from them by dissatisfied workers supported by Iran.
http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/4592.htm
http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2010/09/01/Gulf-Arabs-see-Iran-terror-cell-t\
hreat/UPI-51951283362218/


This is from McClatchy Newspapers  July 29, 2010 By Maggie Bridgeman

WASHINGTON — The United States is currently the world biggest weapons supplier —
holding 30 per cent of the market — but the Obama administration has begun
modifying export control regulations in hopes of enlarging the U.S. market
share, according to U.S. officials.

President Barack Obama already has taken the first steps by tucking new language
into the Iran sanctions bill signed in early July. His aides are now compiling
the "munitions list," which regulates the sale of military items.

The administration's stated reason for the changes is to simplify the sale of
weapons to U.S. allies, but potential spinoffs include generating business for
the U.S. defense industry, creating jobs and contributing to Obama's drive to
double U.S. exports by 2015.

Critics say the reforms are being rushed and warn that the expedited procedures
could allow weapons technology to fall into the wrong hands.

India, which currently is seeking 126 fighter-jets worth over $10 billion, 10
large transport aircraft worth $6 billion, and other multi-billion dollar
defense sales, could be among the possible beneficiaries. Allies seeking
advanced U.S. weaponry and equipment, who now often buy elsewhere due to the
cumbersome U.S. approval process, would draw immediate benefit from the reforms,
U.S. officials said.

Obama first called for the reforms in August 2009, then referred to them in his
Jan. 27 State of the Union address as an element toward doubling exports by
2015.

The administration hopes that by streamlining the process, allies will be able
to receive more weapons and technology faster, making their equipment more
compatible with that of the United States, and making it easier to complete
joint operations.

"It spells the difference between U.S. forces going it alone or having allies
who are able to operate in the lethal battle space with U.S. military forces,"
said former Bush administration arms regulator Amb. Lincoln Bloomfield Jr.

Rep. Donald Manzullo, R-Ill., represents a district with aerospace and other
manufacturers, and said reform is needed for the survival of U.S.
manufacturing.""

Read more:
http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/07/29/98337/obama-seeks-to-expand-arms-exports.h\
tml#ixzz0zSCnF0yc


World Military Spending from Global Issues

"Summarizing some key details from chapter 5 of the Stockholm International
Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)'s 2010 Year Book on Armaments, Disarmament and
International Security for 2008:

* World military expenditure in 2009 is estimated to have reached $1.531
trillion in current dollars;
* This represents a 6 per cent increase in real terms since 2008 and a 49 per
cent increase since 2000;
* This corresponds to 2.7 per cent of world gross domestic product (GDP), or
approximately $225 for each person in the world;
* The USA with its massive spending budget, is the principal determinant of the
current world trend, and its military expenditure now accounts for just under
half of the world total, at 46.5% of the world total;

SIPRI has commented in the past on the increasing concentration of military
expenditure, i.e. that a small number of countries spend the largest sums. This
trend carries on into 2009 spending. For example,

* The 15 countries with the highest spending account for over 82% of the total;
* The USA is responsible for 46.5 per cent of the world total, distantly
followed by the China (6.6% of world share), France (4.2%), UK (3.8%), and
Russia (3.5%):"

For more info http://www.globalissues.org/article/75/world-military-spending

From Reuters "U.S. arms sales could hit $50 billion next year By Andrea Shalal-Esa

FARNBOROUGH, England (Reuters) - U.S. arms sales will be little changed in
fiscal 2010 but could surge by nearly one-third to $50 billion next year, the
Pentagon's chief arms seller told Reuters in an interview.

The U.S. government arms sales for the current year, which ends September 30,
are likely to be close to $37.8 billion, said Vice Admiral Jeffrey Wieringa,
director of the Pentagon's Defense Security Cooperation Agency.

Sales in the last fiscal year totaled $38.1 billion.

Wieringa, who says he is looking forward to driving his two Corvettes and a jet
ski when he retires at the end of the month, had forecast last October at the
Dubai air show that weapons sales could reach a record $50 billion this year.
Now, he believes that figure is more likely to be hit next year.

"A lot of countries have built up cash reserves and they intend to continue
buying," Wieringa said.

The Pentagon agency, which overseas major foreign arms sales, is likely to
notify Congress of a large number of arms sales over the next few months, said
Wieringa, who oversees 12,995 different arms sales involving 218 countries and
retires with total of $300 billion of requests still open.

One deal that has already been included in the Pentagon's accounting of weapons
sales is a big sale of Lockheed Martin Corp fighter jets to Israel, which was
first approved by the Pentagon in September 2008.

Wieringa said the U.S. government is days away from signing an agreement with
Lockheed for an initial purchase of 19 warplanes, with options to buy a total of
75 planes , said Wieringa.

The sale to Israel would be the first foreign military sale of the new warplane
to a foreign country outside of the eight partner nations that are helping to
develop the plane.

Wieringa has traveled extensively to various countries, logging over 300,000
miles in air travel, with eight separate visits India, a key emerging defense
market.

Over the past decade, U.S. arms sales have grown from $8 billion, and they are
likely to continue growing in coming years, Wieringa said, noting that a recent
major review of defense programs has emphasized the need for greater security
cooperation with countries around the world.

Sales to Afghanistan alone totaled nearly $20 billion for fiscal years 2009
through 2011.

Among the biggest potential arms deals on the table now are huge fighter jet
competitions in India and Brazil, various modernization programs for Saudi
Arabia, and continuing support for arms sales to Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan and
Lebanon.

Wieringa welcomed a drive by Defense Secretary Robert Gates and other
departments to reform cumbersome U.S. export laws, saying he had often heard
complaints about existing rules.

U.S. defense contractors often complain that U.S. export rules hinder their
competitiveness overseas.

Wieringa has worked hard to expand training and staffing for U.S. military and
civilian workers involved in global arms sales, boosting his agency's budget
from $373 million in fiscal 2007 to an estimated $850 million in the fiscal 2012
budget being drafted now.

(Reporting by Andrea Shalal-Esa; Editing by Steve Orlofsky)"

"US Trade Deficit Narrows in July  By: TradingEconomics.com, AFP

The US trade deficit dropped more than expected in July as exports reached their
highest level in two years, boosting hopes for the US economic recovery.
The trade deficit dropped to 42.8 billion dollars in July, a 14 percent decline
from the previous month's revised figure of 49.8 billion dollars — its highest
level in 20 months, the Department of Commerce said. The total July exports rose
1.8 percent to 153.3 billion dollars from June to its highest level since August
2008 on the back of strong sales of aircraft, industrial machinery, computers
and telecommunications equipment, it said. Imports fell 2.1 percent to 196.1
billion dollars in July from the previous month. The July deficit beat most
analysts' expectations of 47.3 billion dollars. Traditionally, increasing US
imports are seen as heralding greater demand from American consumers, who play a
critical role in fueling local and global growth. The US trade deficit with
China also fell to 25.92 billion dollars from 26.15 billion dollars in June as
lawmakers increasingly call for steps against what they see as unfair trade
practices by China."

This is from Wikipedia

"The economy of the United States is the world's largest national economy. Its
nominal GDP was estimated to be $14.3 trillion in 2009, approximately a quarter
of nominal global GDP. Its GDP at purchasing power parity was also the largest
in the world, approximately a fifth of global GDP at purchasing power parity.
The U.S. economy also maintains a very high level of output per capita. In 2009,
it was estimated to have a per capita GDP (PPP) of $46,381, the 6th highest in
the world."
More info
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States

According to the US Census Bureau the USA exported $1.57 Trillion dollars worth
of goods & services in 2009.
Arms sales in the last fiscal year totaled $38.1 billion. A very small part of
the total US economic output. Arms are only a drop in the bucket in terms of the
total US economy and US exports. What they do represent is a large element in
destabilizing the world. The Middle East and South Asia are two areas where war
could break out or already has.
http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/Press-Release/2009pr/final_revisions/

http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/new_york/chulent_go


Chulent To Go?
(While a few "anti-Zionists" felt this article worthy of posting, did anyone tell them that there are other resources for these people (such as Chabad) and that these people are NOT all being shunned by their families. These people themselves represent a tiny minority within a minority within a minority. MBS)

Booted from its upstairs room at the Millinery Synagogue, this alternative community of Orthodox dropouts is in search of a new home base.
Tuesday, July 27, 2010  Lehman Weichselbaum  Special to The Jewish Week
For more than a decade the semi-underground haven known as Chulent has served as the second home for young dropouts from New York's fervently Orthodox communities.
Now, ironically, Chulent itself is homeless.
Until May, Chulent held its revels inside the upstairs room of the historic Millinery Synagogue, led by Rabbi Chaim Shimon Wahrman, in Midtown. According to Chulent founder Isaac Schonfeld, though there had been some past inconclusive discussions about the synagogue's reclaiming the room for renovation, the reasons for the group's ultimate ejection from the donated space are not altogether clear, beyond what he characterized as a somewhat clouded dispute about a broken door lock.
The Millinery Synagogue did not return repeated phone calls requesting comment.
"We have a constituency but no resources," jibed Schonfeld. "The Millinery Synagogue has resources but no constituency.
"Even though we're mystified and hurt," he added more somberly, "we're thankful to the synagogue for giving us a place under its roof these many years." 
During those years the threadbare upstairs room mixed talk (sample topics: anti-Orthodox media bias, religion as enemy of the truth, chasidism and Sufism), inventive and traditional music and holiday-centered events to draw disaffected youth from the area's chasidic and "black hat" communities. Exemplars of a wider phenomenon of voluntary and forced exile from strongholds of the devout, these displaced young Jews and their kindred castoffs —  many walking contradictions unable to close the doors of their heritage completely behind them — have gradually expanded their blip on the Jewish-American social and media radar. 
"We've always tried to be accepting and nonjudgmental," said Schonfeld, a 47-year-old bachelor, self-described "shy guy" and a never-deviating observant Jew. "You can bring a ham sandwich. Just don't leave it on the table. 
"We are not God's policeman."
Choosing service over sizzle, Chulent counted on word of mouth, generally shunning media attention. (A rare exception was its cooperation with director Jesse Zook Mann's forthcoming documentary that features several Chulent members, "Punk Jews," which was featured in these pages last month.) It has no website, though Schonfeld maintains an e-mail contact network. 
"Our priority has always been to offer intimacy in a safe place," said Schonfeld. "We tried to avoid an unwelcome spotlight."
In more recent years, Chulent has opened its doors not only to lapsed "frummies," but also practicing Orthodox Jews seeking an artistic or questing vibe off mainstream shul culture's beaten path, as well as secular, "cultural" Jews. They are some of the very same people you might find at the more liturgically focused open-door conclaves like the Upper West Side's Carlebach Shul or Jewish Renewal space Romemu or any of the numerous local Chabad Houses.
Through it all Chulent's mainstay has been its weekly Thursday night get-togethers, an echo of traditional Thursday conversing and learning sessions that have long prevailed among New York's yeshiva kids. Characteristically balancing the structured with the freeform, the evenings feature a planned agenda or none at all, but always provide a vegan version of the classic Jewish bean-based, all-melding, party pot-au-feu of chulent (hence the group's handy metaphorical name). The point is to get people into the room and talking — people from some of the city's most tightly nuclear communities, now painfully adrift and isolated. 
Said filmmaker, onetime Crown Heights Lubavitcher yeshiva boy and Chulent veteran Baruch Thaler: "Chulent gave people with similar issues a time and a place to share. It told us we were not alone."
Said Schonfeld: "Chulent is a supportive community. People in it will help you find a job. They'll give you a couch if you lose your apartment. They'll come to your show if you're an artist or a singer."
After Chulent's pioneering emergence, other outlets for the young, venturesome and formerly frum have sprung up. Some are web based like unpious.com, while the private agency Footsteps specializes in the pragmatic tasks of job placement and psychological counseling for the ex-Orthodox.
Chulent's own extended community holds steady at around 300 devotees.
Since its exit from its synagogue home, Chulent has skipped few beats, holding its gathering in homes and commercial spaces of sympathetic friends.
Medical photographer Mimi Klein has recently opened the doors of her Brooklyn apartment to her fellow "Chulenteers." Though men outnumber women in the group, Klein, who grew up in Borough Park, said she doesn't feel the weight of the imbalance.
"It's a good place for men and women, people from super-religious backgrounds, to learn to communicate, really, for the first time," she observed. "There can be a little awkwardness, and some of the men's behavior can border on the inappropriate. But I personally don't think about it too much."
Inevitably, some romantic bonding occurs. And, perhaps just as inevitably, many if not most of these relationships founder.
"There are a lot of unresolved issues about where people come from," said Klein. "And that will be a part of what can get in the way."
This is not the first turf rift between Chulent and the Millinery Synagogue. In 2007 differences prompted Chulent to leave the Millinery shul for other synagogue space in the East Village. The group carried on inside its new home for more than a year until noise complaints from neighbors, among other issues, drove Chulent full circle back to the Millinery Synagogue.
This migratory pattern has been one constant in the life of Chulent, not unlike the fate of much of its less-than-rooted constituency, if not the tribe at large.
"Being driven from one place to another," said Schonfeld. "It's the quintessential Jewish story."
Chulent's long, occasionally strange trip began in the late 1990s, inside the Borough Park offices of Schonfeld's electronics mail-order company, Corporate Raider. Young Orthodox guys in different stages of disaffection from their families and schools hung out, explored common ground and occasionally put some change in their pockets working the service's phones.
"I really started the business more as a refuge in mind than a moneymaker," said Schonfeld, citing the Talmudic injunction to provide a community for those without.
The crew, picking up new recruits, bounced around several more or less temporary roosts, most notably a ramshackle apartment on Flatbush's bustling Church Avenue, before it found what looked like a permanent home at the Millinery Synagogue. Somewhere along the way Schonfeld dropped his mail-order business and the group picked up a name, Chulent.
Despite its stoutly egalitarian mission, a few acknowledged legends have risen from Chulent's ranks: Levi Okunov, the iconoclastic young clothing designer who made waves with Jewish ritual objects incorporated into his fashions; black-Jewish rapper Y-Love who mixes caustic wit and keening spirituality in his rhymes; and Johnny Abraham, a free-ranging scholar who died, mysteriously and tragically, poring over his books in 2008.
Chulent mixers served as the cradle for Eve Annenberg's cult-classic Yiddish film version of "Romeo and Juliet."
Chulent regular Aaron Keller is another émigré from the Lubavitcher stronghold of Crown Heights; the group offered him a harbor from the ritual compulsions of Orthodox life while affording him a space to belt out chasidic zemiros (Jewish hymns) with friends. "Chulent," said Keller, "is a place where I can more or less be myself."
He added: "Life without Chulent would be a lot less colorful."
Chulent's efforts to avoid close public scrutiny have apparently paid off. Calls to spokespersons for several major Orthodox organizations elicited admissions of sketchy knowledge of the group.
Still, the group has its admirers, as well as detractors. 
"Some run-of-the-mill Jews say that Chulent promotes anti-religious activities," reported Rabbi Naftali Citron, spiritual leader of the Carlebach Shul. Rabbi Citron himself disagrees.
"Chulent offers more of a genuinely neutral ground," he said. "It's a warm and welcoming place that meets people on their own terms."
Defending the importance of alternative institutions like Chulent, he cited the legendary chasidic master Rabbi Nachman of Breslov who perceived the "evil inclination" haunting traditional gathering places like synagogues.
"So Reb Nachman would go where God was least expected, deep into the forest, to say his prayers," recounted Rabbi Citron.
"Chulent is really the tip of the iceberg," he added. "There are thousands of young people from New York's traditional communities who are struggling."
Even as Chulent for the moment rides the winds, Schonfeld contemplates the future of what he calls his "disorganization," in the form of more hands-on services like job brokering and medical help. Or — shades of Ken Kesey and his '60s Merry Pranskters — "our own traveling Chulent bus." 
"There will always be a need for a place like Chulent, as a refuge not only for people who leave the community, but Jews of all stripes," he said. "We're hoping it can become part of a new understanding of a Jew, as expressed in practice and community."
Illegal immigrants held in isolated jails struggle for legal help, survey finds

(Hell, they are illegal.  Let them HIRE a lawyer from their own country instead of expecting the US taxpayers to provide them with free legal counsel, if they don't like it.  Instead of boo hooing it for the illegals, how about some boo hoo for the taxpayers?  MBS)
The majority are in facilities beyond the reach of legal aid groups, resulting in caseloads of 100 detainees per attorney, a rights group reports. An additional 10% have no access to any legal aid.

By Ken Dilanian Chicago Tribune Washington Bureau September 14, 2010

Even as the Obama administration seeks to create a more humane system of detention for illegal immigrants, most continue to be held in rural jails without ready access to legal representation, a human rights group says in a report to be released today.

In a survey of immigration detention facilities nationwide, the Chicago-based National Immigrant Justice Center found that more than half did not offer detainees information about their rights, and 78% prohibited private phone calls with lawyers.

More than 80% of detainees were in facilities that were isolated and beyond the reach of legal aid organizations, resulting in heavy caseloads of 100 detainees per immigration attorney, the survey found. Ten percent of detainees were held in facilities in which they had no access at all to legal aid groups.

The Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency, or ICE, detains about 400,000 immigrants annually at a cost of $1.7 billion this fiscal year, its budget documents say. Agency head John Morton has pledged to overhaul the detention system after years of news reports spotlighting poor treatment and deaths of detainees.

Illegal immigrants facing deportation proceedings have no guaranteed right to a lawyer, but a network of nonprofit organizations offers legal help to immigrants in detention. That network is overstretched, and immigrants are often moved to facilities that are far from legal support  groups, said the report by the justice center. The report surveyed 150 immigration detention facilities that accounted for 97% of the detention beds.

"While access to legal counsel is a foundation of the U.S. justice system, our survey found that the government continues to detain thousands of men and women in remote facilities where access to counsel is limited or nonexistent," said Mary Meg McCarthy, executive director
of the National Immigrant Justice Center. "In some facilities, it is impossible for detained immigrants to find attorneys."

Federal officials said they were making progress in helping provide legal help for detained immigrants.

"ICE is committed to allowing detainees access to telephones, legal counsel and law library resources," agency spokesman Brian Hale said in a statement. "ICE is working with our stakeholders, including the U.S. Department of Justice … and nongovernmental organizations, to expand and support pro bono representation for those in our custody."

The issue of lawyers for immigrant detainees is not new. Last year, the Constitution Project, a bipartisan legal group that promotes the right to legal counsel, argued in a report that the government should consider public funding for legal aid to detained immigrants. Illegal
immigrants ordered held are placed in a patchwork of about 350 mostly private facilities, many of them in less populated parts of the country. Detainees often find themselves transferred to facilities far from their homes, families and friends.

Last month, the immigration enforcement agency unveiled an online detainee locator to allow people to find and track those in custody.

"They do seem to be on the road to making some substantial reforms," said Carl Shusterman, a former immigration official who practices immigration law in Los Angeles. Nevertheless,
Shusterman said, he recently had a client who was transferred to El Paso and a lawyer had to fly out to a hearing to represent the man. He won his case and was not deported.

A 2005 Migration Policy Institute study found that 41% of detainees applying to become lawful
permanent residents who had legal counsel won their cases, compared with 21% of those without representation. In asylum cases, 18% of detainees with lawyers were granted asylum, compared with 3% for those without.

Granting immigrants better access to counsel could even save taxpayer money, the
immigrant justice group argues, because detainees often would be released sooner, saving the $122-a-day cost of detention.

Peru President Alan Garcia backtracks on 'amnesty law'  BBC

(While the world whines and whines abput Israel, where is the world communities outrage over this and all the other human rights violators, such as the Moslem countries?  MBS)
Peru's president has asked Congress to revoke one of his own decrees setting limits on prosecuting human rights abuses, after acclaimed novelist Mario Vargas Llosa criticised the move.

The decree said trials for abuses committed before 2003 would be halted after three years.
But Mr Gracia asked for it to be annulled hours after Mr Vargas Llosa  called it an "amnesty in disguise".

Peru's army fought bitterly against leftist rebels in the 1980s and 1990s. The military has been accused of rights abuses, but few people have been charged.

Critics argued that the decree in effect made it impossible to bring successful prosecutions.

'Legal trick' Mr Vargas Llosa, Peru's most famous novelists, wrote in an open letter to Mr Garcia that the measure "constitutes a barely disguised amnesty to benefit a good number of people condemned or being prosecuted for crimes against human rights - murders, tortures and
disappearances".

In protest, Mr Vargas Llosa resigned as head of a commission to build a memorial to victims of Peru's conflict with the Shining Path Maoist guerrillas, which claimed almost 70,000 lives in the 1980s and early 1990s.

"There is, in my judgement, an essential incompatibility between, on the one hand, supporting the erection of a monument to the victims of the violence unleashed by the terrorism of Shining Path, and on the other, opening the back door of the prisons with legal trick," he wrote.

Mr Vargas Llosa suggested Mr Garcia may have issued the decree to protect himself from any future prosecution over massacres committed by the armed forces during his first term in office in 1985-90.

Shortly after the letter was published, the president's office announced it was seeking an urgent annulment of the decree.

"To avoid the decree being put to bad use, the executive office deems it appropriate that it be revoked," officials said in a message on the social networking website Twitter.

Analysts say the decree may also have protected ex-President Alberto Fujimori - an old rival of Mr Vargas Llosa who is already in prison for human rights abuses.

The novelist was defeated by Mr Fujimori in the 1990 presidential election, and he has since spent most of his time outside Peru and has taken on Spanish citizenship.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11292138

In Memory of Victims of Islamic Terror Worldwide.
Since 9/11 attack on the United States there was no popular demonstration, staged by Muslims in their countries, not a PR exercise organised by local community bureaucrats, in protest of brutal Islamic terror against Western countries. In contrast, Muslims are quite prompt and extremely vocal in their mass protests against the cartoons or a Qur'an burning. Few days ago, on September 11, at the end of Ramadan and during the Eid festival, Muslims around the world did not repent the sins committed by their brothers against humanity, but they were vigorously protesting against fake intention of self-promoting pastor to burn Qur'an. In Muslim countries burning of our flags, putting people in prison for their religious believes, destroying Bibles, even of transit passengers in airports, is widespread practice . If there are moderate Muslims, where are they and why are they silent? We are told by our inapt leadership to be tolerant and understanding of Islam. We have done so - but our enemies have no interest in acceptance or respect of others. They have been committing acts of terror in hideous and hateful manner
worldwide, enjoying global energetic or silent support from the majority of Muslims. Appeasement does not work - it is time to regain our self-respect and fight back. We own it to the victims of Islamic terror! Modern Western political correctness is self-destructive. Our enemies are just laughing at us.
 
Jewish Blood as Portrayed in the Western Media. by professor Phyllis Chesler

Four young civilians: human beings, fathers, mothers, one of whom was also pregnant, collectively the parents of seven children, were brutally gunned down by armed, masked terrorists. Their murders were openly celebrated in the streets by their attackers and by thousands of their supporters. You would think that the world would recoil in horror - or that those who report the news, world-wide, would do so. Think again. These four precious souls were Israeli "settlers" and, as such, have already been so demonized that they are now seen as having provoked their bloody, pitiless deaths & The New York Times, which presents this incident on page 4, not on page 1; the early pages are usually reserved for all incidents in which Israelis fight back so that Israeli "evil" is seen immediately and framed as among the most
"important" world news of the day. The accompanying Times headline? Unbelievably, it is this: "Killing of 4 Israeli Settlers on the Eve of Peace Talks Rattles Leaders on Both Sides." It's really not clear who killed the "settlers."  What is clear is that "both sides" are "rattled." ...The piece also positions President Mahmud Abbas as the "good" guy who, like his negotiating partner, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, has "condemned" the attacks. Yes - even as Abbas is busy honouring the Palestinian terrorist who planned the Munich massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympic games, Amin Al-Hindi, as well as the Palestinian terrorist, Omar Muhammad Ziyada, who murdered an Israeli civilian in a human bomb homicide in 2002. &My point here is simply this: If American journalists, professors, scholars, teachers, read and trust only the New York Times, they will continue to view "militant Israeli settlers" as more blameworthy than Islamist Palestinian terrorists... In edition after edition, this point is made over and over again...

Food for Thought. Steven Shamrak
There is a Jewish saying: "Any evil can be justified by quoting Torah out of context". Anti-Jewish bigots have been readily justifying Islamic terror, not just again Israel, in order to diminish the right of Jews to live in peace on Jewish ancestral land?

When Praying is a Crime. Two Jews who entered the Fatah-controlled city of Jericho were arrested by IDF forces after praying along with eight other worshipers at the ancient Naaran Synagogue. (There will be no freedom of worship in PA control territories, Jews will not be allowed to live there and Christians will be forced to study Koran, as they do in many Muslim countries. Why is Israeli government facilitating this insanity?)

Actuality of 'Peace' Process. Thirteen armed Palestinian groups, including the militant Islamist movement Hamas, say they have set up a centre to co-ordinate operations against Israel . " We have decided to create a co-ordination centre for our operations against the (Israeli) enemy," said Abu Obeida, spokesman for the Ezzedine al-Qassam brigades, Hamas's military wing, speaking on behalf of the 13 groups. He pledged to hit "the Zionist enemy in any place at any time", adding that "all options are open" in response to a question on the possibility of firing rockets at Tel Aviv from Gaza. (It is time for Israel to open all options for consideration!)

Strange Deal. Russia and Israel signed a framework military cooperation deal that Rassion Defense Minister Anatoly Serdyukov suggested would lead to further purchases of Israeli weapons and technology. "It's very important to us that in the transition to a new image, the Russian armed forces use the experience the Israeli armed forces have and the work they have done," Serdyukov said. (What will stop Russia from selling those weapons and technologies to the enemies of Israel?)

Stillborn Negotiation. Nabil Shaath, a member of Palestinian negotiations team, told the Voice of Palestine radio that the Palestinian negotiating team turned down Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's request to discuss the recognition of Israel as a Jewish state during the upcoming round of peace talks in the Egypt . (They want to create another Islamic state on Jewish land, but will never recognize Israel. full stop! In response, we are still pretending
that there is a peace process.)

Time to Worry. Head of the left-wing Peace Now group, Yariv Oppenheimer, has congratulated Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu for creating a positive atmosphere for negotiations with the PA. In his speech, Netanyahu referred to Judea and Samaria as the "West Bank", not Judea and Samaria, called PA chief Abu Mazen his "peace partner" and called for "painful concessions", which Israel only "must" make. (When a self-hating Jews, enemies within, makes compliment to Prime Minister of Israel it is time to be concerned!)

Another Israel "Lover" in the Media. Time Magazine's latest issue has a cover story  "Why Israelis Don't Care About Peace", slamming and accusing the Israeli people of not wanting peace, claiming that Israelis have abandoned the idea of peace and that they are mainly engaged in worldly matters like making money and spending time at sea (Why shouldn't Jews in Israel have some normality in their life? It is long overdue! Time Magazine, like all other Jewish 'friendly' media bigots, does not question if PA wants peace and what "painful concessions" has it made or ready to make to achieve it! The answer is - None!)

Neglect of the Judaism's Holiest Site. State Comptroller is expected to release a damning report on the State's mismanagement of the Temple Mount , Judaism's holiest site. Israeli media report that the report will slam the government for not enforcing Israeli law on the site - first and foremost the law forbidding digging or building on an archaeological site by Arabs.

Open Your Eyes - problem is Global! A police official in Germany reported that there has been an increase in the number of Muslim citizens training in terrorist bases outside the country, including Afghanistan. According to the report, law enforcement officials in Germany have identified more than 400 radical Muslims living in Germany and at least 70 German citizens have participated in military training in terrorist bases.

Hypocrisy in Action: Mideast peace talks can secure Clinton's legacy  - Security of Israel or genuine peace is not essential? The short-lived 'legacy' is important, at any cost! "Troubling" is not Enough! The White House said that a report by the International Atomic Energy Agency that Iran was speeding up its uranium enrichment was "troubling". A statement by the United States presidential staff said the report showed that Tehran is still trying to develop its ability to create nuclear weapons. Iran has produced 2.8 tons of enriched uranium.

Low Expectations - No Result! by Steven Shamrak (Mar 2003)
(I published this article 7 years ago. Has anything changed?)
Re: Middle East Leaders Set Bar Low in Israeli-Palestinian Peace Talks
President Bush said: "I'm the master of low expectations". What does it mean?
For 55 years the voice of Jewish national aspiration - Greater Israel - was subdued in order to achieve normal life - Peace. With each year even this "low expectation" became more and more illusive. The true leader must inspire people and lead them toward realization of their highest potentials. One can't achieve it by setting mediocre goals. There is another saying: "Aim low and you get nothing". That is precisely what Israel is getting by building peace on faulty
foundation and pretence:

In the Gaza Strip on Friday, thousands of armed masked Hamas followers marched against the Middle East road map and demanded continuation of anti-Israel violence. Many Arab Palestinians have been dismayed by Abu Mazen's statement in Aqaba. He actually, did not say much at all. But they are always angry. There is a need to blame someone but not themselves!

Six Israeli casualties when three Palestinian gunmen opened fire on an Israeli military position at Gaza Strip-Israeli crossing early Sunday. They approached the position in heavy early morning mist. They were dressed as Israeli solders and were hiding among Arab workers on the way to Israel. Terror shop was never closed. Business as usual! But, Arabs are never blamed!

PA Deputy Foreign Minister 'Adli Sadeq described President Bush as the "the head of the snake". He could be right. Media and President Bush are still blaming Sharon for 'driving down road map'! They were silent, as usual and did not blame Arabs for wrecking the peace process when 4 solders were killed in Gaza and Hebron. President Bush refused to negotiate with Al-Qaida, Teliban and Iraq. At the same time Israel must. Why? Michael Semel, 24, a security guard from Jerusalem, said "Nobody rewarded Al-Qaida for blowing up the 'twin towers', so why are we giving these terrorists who murdered us a prize?"

http://yidwithlid.blogspot.com/2010/09/wheres-outrage-christian-pakistanis.html

Where's The Outrage? Christian Pakistanis Denied Flood Aid, Increase in Violent Acts Against Non-Muslims

Interestingly one nut job threatening to burn a Muslim Holy Book, brings out the mainstream media in force, and generates protests across the Muslim world. But in Pakistan non-Muslims are being denied a share of the aid being given to flood victims, or being told to receive aid they must convert, and there is nary a word coming from the traditional media. 
Christians and members of other minority religions are being treated as second-class citizens, said Father Mario Rodrigues, the Lahore-based director of Catholic Mission. 

"They often receive little assistance or are excluded altogether," he told Fides, the Vatican's news agency
According to the Vatican, aid is being given to"government officials sympathetic to Islamic fundamentalism or by Muslim relief organisations" and the 200,000 Christians in Punjab province and about 600,000 Christians and Hindus in Sindh province who have been affected by weeks of monsoon rain are not being given aid. 
Zubair Masih said: "I have come from Sukkur. We were overcome by waters and we lost everything. We went to a refugee camp near Thatta, but they did not allow us to enter because we are Christians."

Abid Masih, a Christian who lives in a camp near Larkana, said: "My wife is sick, but the doctor refused to visit her and treat her, saying that we should wait for the World Health Organization to send Christian doctors. Aamir Gill, among the refugees from Dadu, says: "I arrived with my family at a camp near Hyderabad, but the camp administration refused to register us because we are Christians and they did not give us anything. We were forced to leave."

Carl Moeller, President of the American organization Open Doors, which publishes a report on persecuted Christians around the world, in a statement sent to Fides says: "Some Christian refugees are openly denied aid, while others are told to leave or convert to Islam. You can imagine that terrible choice: either you abandon your faith or you cannot feed your child."
Along with the lack of aid to Christian's and other religious minorities, the end of Ramadan signals the growth of the simmering hate against Christians
In some areas, however, tension remains high. In Karachi, the local Catholic community is still shaken by the attack suffered in recent days by Asghar Bhatti, 61, a lay Catholic and family man, member of the Parish Church of St. Paul. Bhatti was hit by two gunshots fired by two radical Islamic militants, right in front of the Church of St. Paul. "It's a miracle he's alive. They wanted to kill him and he got away with two shots to the shoulder. He is now in the hospital," Fides was told by Fr. Saleh Diego, Pastor of St. Paul's Church and Chancellor of the Diocese.
"We are very concerned. It seems to me to be a serious act of intimidation. Asghar Bhatti is very active in lay ministry and used to visit the homes and families of parishioners. It is a warning to all Catholics, to discourage or prevent them from preaching and put a damper on pastoral activity," said the priest, demanding greater police protection in order to stop the extremists. "We are helpless and defenseless against these attacks. Asgahr is only alive by the grace of God." The pastor has informed the Bishop, while a delegation of Christian leaders of Karachi have met with representatives of the Muslim party "Jamaat-e-Islami," asking for support and underlining the apprehension of the Christian community.

The Catholic community of the Parish of St. Paul, in the meantime, is very active in assisting the refugees who have flocked in thousands to the city of Karachi. The southern part of Sindh is still affected by torrential rains that worsen the situation. The road between Karachi and Hyderabad is flooded and this makes things even more difficult for the rescue operations. According to local sources, some 3 million refugees in Sindh and southern Punjab have not received any humanitarian assistance
 Burning a Quran or any book considered holy to a people is a despicable act. Causing the deaths of people just because they believe in a different holy book than yours, is even worse.  The media across the world spent much of the past week, concentrating on the possible incineration of  one holy text while ignoring the deaths of innocents.  There is something very wrong with their priorities.

http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Christian-church-and-school-set-on-fire-in-Punjab-because-of-the-Burn-the-Quran-proposal-19445.html

Christian church and school set on fire in Punjab because of the 'Burn-the-Qur'an' proposal by Nirmala Carvalho
Protests against insulting the Qur'an continue in India. In predominantly Muslim areas, a mob burns a church and a school. At least 11 people, including demonstrators and a police agent, are killed. The authorities impose a curfew. Christians condemn the violence.

New Delhi (AsiaNews) – Muslim extremists set fire to a Church and to a Christian school in Punjab in reaction to the proposed Qur'an burning by Rev Terry Jones, a US clergyman, in order to commemorate 9/1, an action he later abandoned but still caused protests among Muslims and anti-Christian violence. In India, the latter have taken a distinctly political and separatist tone. The resulting incidents with police left 11 people dead.
The Christian Society Mission School was set on fire this morning in Tangmarg, near Gulmarg. Rumours had already spread that it might be targeted but the authorities ignored them. When fire fighters tried to the wood-made church, they were stopped by a mob. The entire building burnt to the ground but students were not hurt.
However, this was not the only act of violence. Demonstrators also stormed a government building and clashed with police. Seven people were killed, including a police officer. Four more people died in earlier protests.
"The [church] fire was fuelled by both rumours of an alleged burning of the Qur'an and the political situation" in the state, Mgr Peter Celestine, bishop of Jammu-Srinagar, told AsiaNews. "Witnesses said that hundreds of people were on streets yesterday night." From there, they "barged into the school building and set it ablaze. Curfew has been imposed."
Anti-government Islamic protests are commonplace in the state. At least 70 demonstrators have been killed by police in the past three months. The 'Burn-the-Qur'an' issue was just a pretext to vent anti-government feelings.
"The proposal to burn the Qur'an', even though it was abandoned, created a very tense situation. Fear and anxiety are widespread. Christians constitute only 0.0014 per cent of the population. So far, we have had cordial relations with our Muslim brothers and the authorities, but this initiative is cause for concern," the bishop said.
In Punjab last night, an angry crowd burnt a church and various cars parked in Loha Bazar in the city of Malerkotla, Sangrur District, a predominantly Muslim area, because of Rev Jones' proposal. The authorities have imposed a curfew until 6 pm fearing more violence.
The Global Council of Indian Christians (GCIC) condemned the church burning. For its president Sajan K. George, "World's leaders and media" must "show the same kind of outspoken condemnation when radical actions, on an equal or larger scale [than the abandoned plan to burn the Qur'an], are committed against peace-loving Christians. We plead with the Federal Home minister of India and the [state and federal] governments to show their magnanimity" and condemn "the mindless violence against Christians in Punjab."
"The GCIC feels bad about hearing that in Malerkotla the decade-old harmony was broken. I just wish this were an isolated case and the fire did not spread elsewhere," George added.

http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/Christian_communities.html

The Christian Communities of Israel

(While all these atrocities occur against Christians, there are still some Christians who whine and whine about Israel and Jews.  Christians are quite welcome Israel as are Moslems. MBS)
The history of the Christian communities in the Land of Israel begins with the life and ministry of Jesus of Nazareth. After his death the early Apostolic Church, at least that in and around Jerusalem, remained Judeo-Christian until the rebuilding of Jerusalem (c. 130 CE) by Hadrian as the Roman city of Aelia Capitolina. Since this date the local Church has been entirely gentile in composition. It was also one and undivided, until the early Ecumenical Councils. By the time of the Muslim conquest the Church in the East was already subdivided into various sects, although they seem to have continued to share in the use of the Holy Places. It was only with the Crusader Kingdoms, and the paramountcy (praedominium) enjoyed by the (Latin) Church of the West, that contention arose regarding the Holy Places and continued unabated through the Mamluk and Ottoman periods until the declaration of the Status Quo in 1852.
Of the 6.5 million people living in Israel today (September 2001), Christians constitute 136,000 or 2.1% of the population (Muslims constitute 15.2%, Druze - 1.6%). This data does not include the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, where no census has been conducted since 1967. At that time, the Christian population of these areas was roughly estimated at 33,000. (The data given below is based on estimates provided by the different communities, with reference to their areas of jurisdiction, which may include Judea, Samaria, Gaza, Jordan and other neighboring countries). It may be noted, however, that the Christian population in Israel has increased, while in Judea, Samaria and Gaza the number of Christians has decreased.
The communities may be divided into four basic categories - Orthodox, Non-Chalcedonian (Monophysite), Catholic (Latin and Uniate) and Protestant - consisting of some 20 ancient and indigenous churches, and another 30, primarily Protestant, denominational groups. Except for national churches, such as the Armenian, the indigenous communities are predominantly Arabic-speaking; most of them, very likely, descendants of the early Christian communities of the Byzantine period.

The Orthodox Churches

The Orthodox Church (also termed Eastern or Greek-Orthodox Church) consists of a family of Churches all of which acknowledge the honorary primacy of the Patriarch of Constantinople. Historically, this Church developed from the Churches of the East Roman or Byzantine Empire.
The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate considers itself to be the Mother Church of Jerusalem, to whose bishop patriarchal dignity was granted by the Council of Chalcedon in 451. Since 1054 it has been in schism with Rome. However, in 1964 a historic meeting between Pope Paul VI and the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, Athenagoras, was held in Jerusalem.
After 1099 and the Crusader conquest, the (Orthodox) patriarchate of Jerusalem, already in exile, was removed to Constantinople. Permanent residence in Jerusalem was not reestablished until 1845.
Since 1662, direction of Orthodox interests in the Holy Land has rested with the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulcher, which has sought to safeguard the status of the Orthodox Church in the Holy Places, and to preserve the Hellenistic character of the Patriarchate.
The parishes are predominantly Arabic-speaking, and are served by Arab married priests as well as by members of the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulcher. The community numbers about 120,000 in Jerusalem, the Galilee, Judea, Samaria and Gaza.
Two other historic Orthodox national churches also have representation in the country: the Russian and the Rumanian. Being in communion with the Greek Orthodox Church, they are under the local jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate.
The Russian Orthodox mission was established in Jerusalem in 1858, but Russian Christians had begun visiting the Holy Land in the 11th century, only a few years after the Conversion of Kiev. Such visits continued over the next 900 years, eventually growing into the great annual pilgrimages of the late 19th century, which continued until World War I, and ended with the Russian Revolution.
Since 1949, title to Russian church properties in what was by then the territory of Israel has been held by the Russian Orthodox Mission (Patriarchate of Moscow); title to properties in areas then under Jordanian control remains with the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission representing the Russian Orthodox Church in Exile. The two missions are each led by an archimandrite, who is assisted by a number of monks and nuns.
A mission representing the Rumanian Orthodox Church was established in 1935. It is led by an archimandrite and consists of a small community of monks and nuns resident in Jerusalem.

The Non-Chalcedonian Churches

The Non-Chalcedonian churches are churches of the East - Armenian, Coptic, Ethiopian and Syrian - that rejected the teaching of the Council of Chalcedon (451) on the double (divine and human) nature of Christ. The non-Chalcedonian churches hold the Monophysite doctrine that in Christ there was but a single, divine nature.
The Armenian Orthodox Church dates from the year 301 and the conversion of Armenia, the first nation to embrace Christianity. An Armenian religious community has been present in Jerusalem since the 5th century. Armenian sources date the first Patriarchate to a charter given by the Caliph Omar to Patriarch Abraham in the year 638. The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem was established in 1311.
Throughout the 19th century and during and immediately after World War I, the local Armenian community grew with the absorption of survivors of the Anatolian massacres, particularly those of 1915. Before 1939 the community numbered more than 15,000, and was the third largest Christian group. Today, the community numbers about 4,000 - in Jerusalem, Haifa, Jaffa and Bethlehem.
The Coptic Orthodox Church has its roots in Egypt, where most of the population became Christian during the first centuries. They claim to have arrived in Jerusalem with St. Helena, mother of the Emperor Constantine. This church had an early influence on the development of desert monasticism in the wilderness of Judea. The community flourished during the Mamluk period (1250-1517), and again with Mohammed Ali in 1830. Since the 13th century the (Coptic) Patriarch of Alexandria has been represented in Jerusalem by a resident archbishop. The community numbers just over 1,000 members-in Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Nazareth.
The Ethiopian Orthodox Church has had a community in Jerusalem since at least the Middle Ages. Early Church historians mention Ethiopian pilgrims in the Holy Land as early as the 4th century. What is certain is that during the centuries that followed the Ethiopian Church enjoyed important rights in the Holy Places, but lost most of them during the Turkish period, prior to the declaration of the Status Quo.
Today the Ethiopian Church in Israel is a small community led by an archbishop and consisting mostly of a few dozen monks and nuns (although the lay community is growing), living in the Old City and around the Ethiopian Church in West Jerusalem. Since the reestablishment of diplomatic relations between Israel and Ethiopia pilgrimage has increased - with almost 1,000 Ethiopian pilgrims participating in Holy Week observances in 1995.
The Syrian Orthodox Church is a successor to the ancient Church of Antioch, and one of the oldest Christian communities in the Middle East. Among its traditions is the continued use of the Syriac language (Western Aramaic) in the liturgy and prayers. They are also known as Jacobites (after Jacob Baradaeus, who organized the Church in the 6th century). Their patriarch is resident in Damascus. There have been Syrian Orthodox bishops in Jerusalem since 793; permanently, since 1471. Today the local Church is headed by a bishop, who resides in Jerusalem at the 7th century monastery of St. Mark. The community numbers about 2,000, most of whom live in Jerusalem and Bethlehem.
The Apostolic Church of the East (sometimes erroneously called Nestorians), originating from the border area between Turkey, Iran and Iraq, follows the liturgy and prayers in the Syriac language (East Aramaic). Since 1917, its patriarch resides in Chicago and Kerala (India). The church's presence in Jerusalem was established in the 5th century. Today it is represented by an archbishop.

The Latin and Uniate Churches

Whatever the relations between Rome and Constantinople, there was no attempt to establish a Western Church in the Holy Land independent of the Orthodox Patriarchate until the Crusader period, during which a Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem was in existence from 1099 till 1291. The office was again constituted in 1847. Until then, responsibility for the local church rested with the Franciscan Order, which served as Custodian of Latin holy places since the 14th century.
Today the Latin Church of Jerusalem is headed by a patriarch, assisted by three vicars (resident in Nazareth, Amman and Cyprus). The community in Israel numbers about 20,000 (with another 10,000 in the West Bank and Gaza).
The Maronite Church is a Christian community of Syrian origin, most of whose members live in Lebanon. The Maronite Church has been in formal communion with the Roman Catholic Church since 1182, and is the only Eastern church which is entirely Catholic. As a Uniate body (an Eastern Church in communion with Rome, which yet retains its respective language, rites and canon law) they possess their own liturgy, which is in essence an Antiochene rite in the Syriac language.
The Maronite community in Israel numbers about 6,700, most of whom live in the Galilee. The Maronite Patriarchal Vicariate in Jerusalem dates from 1895.
The Greek Melkite Catholic Church came into being in 1724, the result of a schism in the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch. (The term 'Melkite' dates from the 4th century and refers to those local Christians who accepted the Definition of Faith of the Council of Chalcedon and remained in communion with the "Imperial" see of Constantinople.)
A Greek Catholic archdiocese was established in the Galilee in 1752. Twenty years later, Greek Catholics of Jerusalem were placed under the jurisdiction of the Melkite patriarch of Antioch, who is represented in Jerusalem by a patriarchal vicar. The present population of the Greek Catholic diocese of Galilee is about 50,000; the diocese of Jerusalem, about 3,000.
The Syrian Catholic Church, a uniate breakaway from the monophysite Syrian Orthodox church, has been in communion with Rome since 1663. The Syrian Catholics have their own patriarch (resident in Beirut), and since 1890, a patriarchal vicar in Jerusalem has served as spiritual leader of the small local community there and in Bethlehem, which totals about 350. In July 1985, the community consecrated the new patriarchal church in Jerusalem dedicated to St. Thomas, apostle to the peoples of Syria and India.
The Armenian Catholic Church separated from the Armenian Orthodox Church in 1741, though previously an Armenian community in Cilicia (in southern Anatolia) had been in contact with Rome since the Crusader period.
The Armenian Catholic patriarch is resident in Beirut because at the time, Ottoman authorities forbade residency in Constantinople. A patriarchal vicariate was established in Jerusalem in 1842. The Armenian Catholic community in the Holy Land numbers about 900 members, living in Jerusalem, Bethany, Ramallah, Haifa and Gaza. Though in union with Rome, the church has good relations with the Armenian Orthodox Church, and both cooperate for the benefit of the community as a whole.
The Coptic Catholic Church has been in union with Rome since 1741, but only in 1955 did the uniate Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria appoint a patriarchal vicar to Jerusalem, where the community today numbers about 35.
The Chaldean Catholic Church is a uniate descendant of the ancient Nestorian (Assyrian) church. Its members still preserve the use of Syriac as their liturgical language. It was established in 1551, and its patriarch is resident in Baghdad. The community in the Holy Land numbers no more than a few families; even so, the Chaldean Catholic Church retains the status of a 'recognized' religious community. Since 1903, the Chaldeans have been represented in Jerusalem by a non-resident patriarchal vicar. Of major significance for the Catholic Churches in the Holy Land, was the signing, on the 30th of December 1993, of a Fundamental Agreement between the Holy See and the State of Israel which lead to the establishment of full diplomatic relations between them a few months later.

The Protestant Churches

The Protestant communities in the Middle East only date from the early 19th century and the Western missionary 're-discovery' of the Holy Land. The intention of these missions was to evangelize the majority Muslim and Jewish communities, but their only success was in attracting Arabic-speaking Orthodox faithful.
The Jerusalem Bishopric of the Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East (Anglican) was founded in 1841 and became an Archbishopric in 1957. In January 1976 significant changes were made to mark the end of the Archbishopric and the creation of a new Diocese and Province in Jerusalem and the Middle East, with the election and consecration of the first Arab bishop. There are some 4,500 Anglicans in the Diocese (2,500-3,000 in Israel), making it the largest Protestant community in the Holy Land. The Anglican Bishop in Jerusalem has his seat in the Cathedral Church of St. George the Martyr in Jerusalem.
The roots of the Lutheran Church in the Holy Land date back to 1841, when the Queen of England and the Prussian king decided to establish a joint Protestant Bishopric in Jerusalem. In 1886, the English and the German parts separated. The German congregation attracted increasingly Arabic-speaking people. Since 1979, the Arabic-speaking congregations have their own bishop and both churches exist independently of each other on the premises of the Propstei on Muristan Road in the Old City. The Arabic community numbers about 500, and the German - about 200.
German Lutheran property, which had been confiscated by the British in 1939, was purchased by the government of Israel in 1951 as part of the reparations agreement with the Federal Republic of Germany.
In 1982, the Norwegian Mission to Israel transferred authority and administration of its two mission churches in Haifa and Jaffa to the responsibility of the local congregations.
The Baptist Church in the Holy Land began with the formation of a congregation in Nazareth in 1911. Today the Association of Baptist Churches has a total of ten churches and centers in the following places: Acre, Cana, Haifa, Jaffa, Jerusalem, Kfar-Yassif, Nazareth, Petah-Tikvah, Rama and Tur'an. The community numbers about 900, the majority of whom are Arabic-speaking.
The Church of Scotland (Presbyterian) sent out its first mission to the Galilee in 1840, and for the next 100 years was actively engaged in the fields of education and medicine. Today a small, mostly expatriate community, serving pilgrims and visitors, the Church of Scotland maintains a church and hospice in both Jerusalem and Tiberias. The independent Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society maintains a teaching hospital for nurses in Nazareth.
The Church of God (Pentecostal) has a small community in Jerusalem, Nazareth and the West bank (about 200 in all), with an International Center on the Mount of Olives.
Three Protestant communal agricultural settlements have been established in different parts of Israel in recent years. Kfar Habaptistim, north of Petah Tikvah, was founded in 1955, and besides farming provides conference and summer-camp facilities for the Baptist and other Protestant communities in the country. Nes Amim, near Nahariya, was founded by a group of Dutch and German Protestants in 1963, as an international center for the promotion of Christian understanding of Israel. Just west of Jerusalem, Yad Hashmonah, founded in 1971, operates a guest-house for Christian visitors and pilgrims from Finland.
In addition to those already mentioned, there are any number of other, numerically small, Protestant denominational groups present in Israel.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon) established a small community in Haifa in 1886, and in Jerusalem in 1972. The membership of the church today numbers almost 200, with an additional 170 students of the Jerusalem Center for Near Eastern Studies - a branch of Brigham Young University of Provo, Utah (USA).
The International Christian Embassy Jerusalem was founded in 1980, to demonstrate worldwide Christian support for Israel and for Jerusalem as its eternal capital. It is a center where Christians from all over the world can gain a biblical understanding of the country and of Israel as a modern nation. The ICEJ international network includes offices and representatives in 50 countries worldwide.

Freedom of Religion

The basic attitude of the state toward religious pluralism found expression in the 1948 Declaration of Independence:
The State of Israel . . . will be based on freedom, justice and peace as envisaged by the Prophets of Israel; it will ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex; it will guarantee freedom of religion, conscience, language, education and culture . . . .
The document "expresses the nation's vision and its credo," and adherence to these principles has been assured by law. Each religious community is free to exercise its faith, to observe its own holy days and weekly day of rest, and to administer its own internal affairs.

Holy Places

Israel has many sites which are considered holy by the three Monotheistic Faiths (Judaism, Christianity and Islam). Freedom of access and worship is ensured at all of them.
"The Holy Places shall be protected from desecration and any other violation and from anything likely to violate the freedom of access of members of the various religions to the places sacred to them, or their feelings with regard to those places." (Protection of Holy Places Law, 1967).
Among the holy sites which are of significance to Christianity are the Via Dolorosa, the Room of the Last Supper and the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem; the Church of the Annunciation in Nazareth; and the Mount of Beatitudes, Tabgha and Capernaum near Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee).

Communal Autonomy

By their own volition, the Christian communities have remained the most autonomous of the various religious communities in the country. In recent years, however, there has been an increasing tendency on the part of the Christian communities to integrate their social welfare, medical and educational institutions into state structures, without in any way compromising their traditional independence.
Though responsible for meeting the ritual needs of all communities, the Ministry of Religious Affairs deliberately refrains from interfering in the religious life of the Christian communities. The Ministry's Department for Christian Communities serves as a liaison office with the governmental system to which the Christian communities can turn with problems and requests that may arise out of their situation as minorities in the Land. The Ministry also serves as a neutral arbitrator in ensuring the preservation of the established status quo in those holy places where more than one Christian community has rights and privileges.

"Recognized" Communities

Certain Christian denominations have the status of being a 'recognized' religious community. For historical reasons dating from Ottoman times, the ecclesiastical courts of such communities are granted jurisdiction in matters of personal status, such as marriage and divorce.
Currently, the "recognized" Christian communities are the Greek Orthodox, the (Melkite) Greek Catholic, the Latin, the Armenian Orthodox, the Syrian Catholic, the Chaldean Catholic, the Maronite, the Syrian Orthodox, the Armenian Catholic, and - since 1970 - the (Anglican) Evangelical Episcopal.

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